It is often assumed that animals and people adjust their behavior to maximize reward acquisition.In visually cued reinforcement schedules, monkeys make errors in trials that are not immediately rewarded, despite having to repeat error trials.Here we show that error rates are typically smaller in trials equally distant from reward joint care but bel
Investigations of neutron transport through air and soil by Monte Carlo simulations led to major advancements toward a precise interpretation of measurements; they particularly improved the understanding of the cosmic-ray neutron footprint.Up to now, the conversion of soil moisture to a detectable neutron count rate has relied mainly on the equatio
Evolution: Bacteria gain advantageous mutations under simulated microgravity Bacteria grown for an extended period of time under simulated microgravity adopt growth advantages.George Fox and colleagues from the University of Houston, Texas, Calcium Supplements USA, cultured Escherichia coli bacteria for 1000 generations in a high aspect rotating ve